Even with Wanda's knowledge, she knew that she and Pietro would never be able to stop the gang. More importantly, once the war started, their peaceful life would be completely lost.

Wanda didn't want that.

"Memory will not lie to you, but it does not mean that there is no problem with memory. My Emma, ​​my dear daughter, you have to remember one thing, memory is unreliable. It itself is a description of past events by the brain.

, a kind of self-description. It is more subjective than anything else! People are the best at lying to themselves."

García Márquez's "One Hundred Years of Solitude" begins with this: Many years later, facing the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía will recall that distant afternoon when his father took him to see the ice.

At that time, Macondo was a village of twenty families. Houses made of mud and reeds were lined up along the river bank. The rushing river water was crystal clear, and the pebbles in the river bed were as white and smooth as prehistoric giant eggs.

There is no doubt that this passage is a classic in the history of literature and is destined to be remembered forever. However, psychologists have given a completely different explanation for this. Psychologists believe that as long as it is based on "many years later, I still remember clearly

"The words at the beginning are all making up stories. Because after a long time, our memory is like a dead old tree. After decades of ups and downs, it is destined to become decayed and will never remain intact as before.

.In our memory, there are a lot of falsehoods and reconstructions, and even fabrications out of thin air. When it comes to memory, we always think that memory is like driving a car into a garage. When you need to recall, you open the garage door.

The trolley will drive out intact.

Such metaphors about memory reflect our profound misunderstanding of the principles of memory!

In fact, the real situation of the memory is this - this car does not have a garage at all, only parts shelves. If you want to store it, the entire car will be dismantled in an instant, and different parts will be stored on different shelves; if you want to drive it out

This car needs to be temporarily reassembled with all the parts. Some parts are missing, some parts are extra, and some parts are taken in the wrong way. The more times it is assembled, the car even becomes a completely different car.

car - but we didn't even notice it!

This is how we live so carelessly yet so confidently! For example, if I recall the past decades when I was in middle school decades ago, I can probably only remember some fragmented fragments from that time, and most of the content is blank. However, these blanks

The existence of is unacceptable to the brain, so the brain will automatically and spontaneously complete it. In the end, the entire event is still continuous and complete. In fact, a lot of the content was replaced by me unintentionally.

At the same time, memories can be implanted.

Elizabeth Loftus is a psychologist at the University of California. She conducted a famous experiment in 1995: the lost in shopping mall experiment. She found 24 volunteers and gave each of them a booklet with 4 paragraphs written on it.

The volunteer's childhood experience. Among these four childhood experiences, three things are true. They are real life fragments collected by Loftst from each volunteer's relatives. However, the fourth experience

But it was made up by Loftst himself - when the volunteer was about 5 years old, he once got lost in a shopping mall, and a stranger finally brought him home.

In order to make this fabricated story more realistic, Loftster specifically asked each volunteer's parents about details of their childhood life, such as the name of their local shopping mall. The experiment required each volunteer to carefully recall

List 4 childhood memories and write them down.

Guess what the result is?

Among the 24 people, 6 actually remembered the fictitious incident of getting lost in a shopping mall, and they could remember the details clearly: what the stranger who sent him home looked like, what clothes he was wearing...

In fact, research on childhood memory has found that most childhood memories are forgotten due to imperfect brain development, immature language skills, and the lack of logical relationships between things in childhood. As for childhood memories, most of them are

I got the information from adults' conversations, and then continued to brainstorm, imagine and make it up.

Yes! This is one of the most important reasons for a beautiful childhood, because you don’t remember many, many things at all, so what should you do? Just make up your mind!

Almost everyone will miss their childhood time and the happiness of childhood. At that time, the sky was blue, the ground was green, the air was clean, and people were carefree. In childhood, because the soul has not been polluted, the dreams are also

Still hazy, with the care of parents and the warm bed of home, the little people will naturally be more carefree and have more simple happiness.

But what about actually?

The commonality of people is that only when they have lost can they learn to cherish, and only after they have passed can they feel beautiful. In fact, the real situation is that although the present has its current benefits, the past also naturally has its shortcomings. People just like to filter out the bad things of the past in their memories.

Good memories are like dyeing a black and white photo into a color photo. The thing is still the same and the person is still the same, but the angle is different and the mood is different.

So memory is unreliable!

Many people say how amazing the brain is, but in fact, in terms of its ability to retain information, the brain is much worse than a computer. It will forget many, many things over time, and many, many attacks. And the brain is actually the best at it.

, it’s just making up your mind and deceiving yourself.

What you remember and what you actually experienced are sometimes completely different things.

Because memory is too subjective, it is completely based on me! Many times, it will automatically modify many details, and even distort the original thing!

So, a person’s memory is really what happened, right?

The answer is no!

Professor W. List, a famous criminal psychologist, designed a unique experiment: During an emergency during his class, a senior student pulled out a pistol, and another classmate rushed to try to stop it, but the gun went off.

Fortunately, no one was injured. The students were in shock. The professor told the students that this was a pre-designed teaching session. A few minutes later, the professor asked the students to provide details of their entire witnessing process. It was found that 80% of all witnessing records

There is an error in the content.

Elizabeth Loftus proposed a concept: the witness memory effect - the testimony provided by many eyewitnesses is inaccurate and has typical personal tendencies.

Her opinion was recognized by the U.S. Justice Department and sparked the Innocence Project, a non-profit group of lawyers and law students whose mission is to re-examine questionable murder convictions.

Among the more than 360 cases involved in the "Clearing of Innocences Project", as many as 78% cited eyewitness testimony as key evidence. Later, DNA analysis was used to clear these people's wrongdoings. A large number of studies have shown that people tend to have high

When assessing our own facial recognition abilities, we mostly remember some common features. However, our brains automatically fill in the information through their own inferences, and all of this is done quietly, even the person involved is not aware of it. Our

The brain is reconstructing memories all the time.
Chapter completed!