Aminoglycosides

Common: gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin, kanamycin, small nominin, grandicin, neomycin, etc.

Taboos: Children under 6 years old are prohibited from using it, and use it with caution over 6 years old.

Cause: Overuse of the patient will lead to hearing loss. In severe cases, the auditory nerves may degeneration and atrophy, resulting in irreversible deafness and tinnitus. It is prohibited to use with furosemide, which can enhance ototoxicity; it is prohibited to use with cephalosporin, which can cause renal failure.

Aspirin and its compound preparations

Contraindications: It is prohibited for children under 3 months, as well as children or adolescents with chickenpox or flu-like symptoms.

Cause: When children with aspirin is treated with toxic reactions; when children with acute fever, especially when children with influenza and chickenpox use aspirin, Rey's syndrome may occur.

Naproxen, diclofenac, nimesulil, meloxicam, piroxicam

Contraindications: Naproxen is prohibited for children under 2 years old; Nimesulide is prohibited for children under 12 years old; diclofenac is prohibited for children under 14 years old; meloxicam is prohibited for children under 15 years old; piroxicam is prohibited for children.

Cause: NSAIDs may cause fatal renal damage, gastrointestinal bleeding, and cardiovascular events; nimesulil can cause asymptomatic and fatal liver damage even if used for short-term use; the risk of severe skin reactions caused by piroxicam and meloxicam is higher than other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

~Macrolide: erythromycin, odorless erythromycin

Contraindications: Avoid using it as much as possible within 2 months, use it with caution for more than 2 months or use it closely monitored by the doctor.

Cause: In severe cases, liver damage, liver failure, drug-induced hepatitis, and even death in children.

~Compound diphenolate

Taboo: It is forbidden for children under 2 years old.

Reasons: 1. Diphenolate is a derivative of pethidine, which has the same basic structure as morphine, has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system and can be dependent on long-term use; 2. Complex Diphenolate is very likely to cause poisoning in children. In the early stage, it mainly includes atropine-like poisoning symptoms such as fever, skin flushing, excitement and irritability; in the later stage, it mainly includes opioid-like poisoning symptoms such as respiratory depression, central depression, and pupil shrinkage.

~albendazole, piperazine, pyrimidine, levamisazole

Contraindications: Albendazole is prohibited for children under 2 years old; piperazine and pyrimidine are prohibited for children under 1 year old; levamisole is prohibited for children.

Reason: Children under 2 years old have less chance of getting in contact with insect eggs, and generally do not need to take deworming drugs; children under 2 years old have not yet developed well in liver and kidney, and the drugs will damage the liver and kidneys of young children.

Piperazine, pyrimidine: can cause dizziness, headache, vomiting and liver damage, and has potential neuromuscular toxicity to the human body. Long-term or excessive use should be avoided.

Albendazole, levamisazole: both can lead to encephalitis syndrome, acute demyelinating encephalitis, and delayed encephalopathy. Among them, the incidence of encephalitis-like reaction of albendazole is lower; the incidence of levamisazole is higher.

~Sulphonamide: Compound Xinnuoming

Neonates should not use it, which can produce methorhemoglobinemia, which is clinically manifested as hypoxic purple throughout the body;

Neonatal jaundice, used under the guidance of a doctor over 2 years old.

~Quinolones

Commonly used drugs: norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, offloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, etc.

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Taboo: Children and teenagers under the age of 18 should not use it.

Cause: When quinolones are used in several young animals, they can cause bone and joint lesions, especially damage to the cartilage tissue of the weight-bearing bone and joint.

~Cimetidine

Taboo: It is not recommended for children under 16 years old.

Cause: Cimetidine can pass through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and has certain neurotoxicity. Children are prone to central nervous system toxic reactions after taking medication.

~Ranitidine

Taboo: It is forbidden for children under 8 years old.

Cause: Continuous use will cause certain damage to the children's liver, renal function, hematopoietic system and endocrine system.

Ranitidine occasionally reports can lead to hepatocyte, bile stagnant or mixed hepatitis. It is usually reversible, but occasionally lethal. Ranitidine occasionally has arrhythmia, such as tachycardia, bradycardia, heart cessation, ventricular block and ventricular premature dysfunction.

~Vitamin A:

Use it with caution in children. Excessive amount can cause symptoms of poisoning such as dry hair, rash, itching, anorexia, bone pain, headache, vomiting, etc., affect the development of the bone and not grow taller.

~Loperamide:

Contraindicated: Loperamide is prohibited for children under 2 years old; loperamide hydrochloride capsules should not be used for children under 5 years old.

Cause: Its effect is stronger and faster than diphenolate. It is used in young children with high age, which is prone to adverse drug reactions, including allergic shock, edema, paralytic intestinal obstruction, acute renal failure, and dysconsciousness. In addition, there have been reports of drug death in neonates, so it is restricted from being used at home and abroad.

~Medicinal charcoal tablets:

Taboo: It is prohibited for long-term use by children under 3 years old.

Cause: The drug has strong adsorption effect and is not selective, which can affect the activity of digestive enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin, reduce the absorption of vitamins, and long-term use can cause malnutrition in children.

~Chlophenamine, cyproheptidine, ketotifen, diphenhydramine

Taboos: It is prohibited for newborns and premature babies in China; it is avoided for children under 2 years old abroad.

reason:

The first generation of antihistamines are lipophilic small molecule compounds that easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, thereby inhibiting the center, and have anticholinergic and weak local anesthetic effects. The adverse reactions are drowsiness, inattention, irritability, and can also cause gastrointestinal dysfunction, hyperemetic, etc.

Although first-generation antihistamines are used and allow them to sleep better, first-generation antihistamines such as primulamin and promethazine have been shown to significantly disrupt sleep structures, increase delayed onset during sleep and REM sleep, shorten sleep and overall sleep.

~ Vitamin C

Use it with caution in children. Overdosing can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms; avoid eating pork liver when taking it.

~ Vitamin D

Use it with caution in children. Excessive dose can cause low fever, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and even ectopic ossification of soft tissues, proteinuria, kidney damage, etc.

~Promethazine

Taboo: It is forbidden for children under 2 years old.

Cause: Promethazine can cause respiratory depression or even death in children under 2 years old; it may also cause renal insufficiency in children; it may cause abnormal reactions such as excessive excitement, irritability or nightmares.

~aminophylline:

Use it with caution in children. Excessive amount will lead to acute poisoning of amyophylline, irritability, sweating, tachycardia or even death from shock. Dosage should be strictly controlled according to the doctor's guidance.

~Astemizole, terfenadine

Taboo: Avoid using it for children under 12 years old.

Cause: Occasionally, it can cause Q-T interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, etc. Many hospitals have abandoned this drug.

~Traditional Chinese medicine tonic: Use with caution in children and adolescents, which can cause premature maturity

~Chloramphenicol:

Contraindications: Chloramphenicol is prohibited for newborns and premature babies, including ophthalmic preparations, liniment and ear drops.

Cause: The liver enzyme system of neonates is not mature, and the kidney excretion function is poor. The drug is slowly excreted from the kidney than adults, which can easily lead to excessive blood drug concentration and toxic reactions.

~Azelastine:

Taboos:

Oral administration: The safety and effectiveness of oral administration in children under 12 years old are unclear;

~Eye drops: Not recommended for children under 4 years old;

~Nasal spray: Not recommended for children under 5 years old.

Cause: Azetopstin removes antihistamine effects, but has a certain central inhibitory effect, which can cause drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, dreams, cough, abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue, nasal pain, etc.

~Tracal element zinc: When the concentration is greater than 5ml/L, it damages macrophages, weakens the ability to kill fungi, and increases the incidence of abscess.

~Furazolidon, furazolidone:

Taboo: Disable for newborns.

Cause: The enzyme system of neonatal infants has not yet developed completely and is prone to induce hemolytic anemia, especially those who lack glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

~Petidine: Use it with caution for infants and young children. Children under 1 year old should not inject this product intravenously or perform artificial hibernation. Use it with caution for children.

~Tinidazole,Onitazole:

Contraindications: Oral administration of tinidazole: only for children over 3 years old to treat intestinal amoebia; tinidazole injection: prohibited for children under 12 years old; olidazole injection: recommended not for children under 3 years old.

Cause: Nitroimidazoles may cause epilepsy and peripheral neuropathy.

~Diazepam: Neonatal children, avoid using it for children under 6 months of age, and use it with caution in children, which may cause granulocyte reduction and liver function damage.

~Furosemide: Use it with caution in children, the dosage should be small, the interval should be appropriately extended, and avoid using it with aminoglycosides.

~Indomethacin: Children are sensitive to this product. Reports of death due to stimulating potential infection after using this product. Children should use it with caution.

~Pacetamol: If children use more than 3g daily, acute poisoning may occur, and may even cause fatal liver damage.

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Percortical sensory aphasia is a common type of aphasia in clinical practice, accounting for about 16.58% of the total number of patients with aphasia.

Its characteristics are: spontaneous conversation: fluent speaking, often mixed with wrong words, new words and empty words in the language, making it difficult to accurately convey the meaning, making the listener confused. The information is low, and the wrong words and imitation language are prominent characteristics. Sometimes the speech is interrupted due to difficulty in finding words, but overall, the patient speaks effortlessly, and the pronunciation and intonation are normal; listening comprehension: obvious obstacles, and the understanding of common nouns and verbs is slightly better. If you don’t understand what you say to others, you often answer the questions that are not asked. It is difficult to understand sentences with grammatical words and order words. Retelling: Very good, but you cannot understand the content of the retelling. Naming: obvious obstacles, mainly semantic miswords and new words, you cannot accept pronunciation prompts, and you cannot accept word selection prompts. Meaning of word naming cannot be. Reading comprehension: often accompanied by severe misreading, unable to read aloud or often read in wrong words, writing: dyslexia, dictation and spontaneous writing difficulties.

Percortical mixed aphasia, also known as language area isolation, can be regarded as coexistence of percortical motor aphasia and percortical sensory aphasia. Percortical mixed aphasia is relatively rare, accounting for about 6.53% of the total number of patients with aphasia.

Its characteristics are: spontaneous conversation: non-fluential oral language, with few spontaneous conversations, stereotyped language or imitation language, repeating or repeating the same content, which has a good completion phenomenon for the series, but does not understand its meaning, and once it is interrupted, it cannot continue. Listening and understanding: obvious obstacles, or even completely unable to understand spoken language. Repeat: good function of repetition and series of speech, patients can repeat words, phrases, short sentences, etc., but cannot repeat long compound sentences or incomplete repetitions, and can complete series of speech. Naming: obvious obstacles, new languages ​​or semantic misnames. Reading comprehension: serious obstacles. Writing: serious obstacles.

Complete aphasia, also known as mixed aphasia, is the most serious of all aphasia types. It is manifested as a comprehensive lack of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills, the patient's lesions, treatment difficulty and poor treatment effect. Complete aphasia is not uncommon, accounting for about 1307 of the total number of patients with aphasia.

Its characteristics are: spontaneous conversation: obvious obstacles, pronunciation actively, spoken language is limited to monosyllables/words, language is stereotyped, and series of languages ​​are not completed. Listening and comprehension: obvious obstacles, you can learn a little non-verbal communication. Retelling: obvious obstacles, repeated with stereotypes or stereotypes. Naming: obvious obstacles, naming with stereotypes or stereotypes. Reading comprehension: completely unable/almost unable to complete. Writing: completely unable/almost unable to complete.

Naming aphasia, also known as amnesia aphasia, is an aphasia syndrome that cannot be named as its only or main symptom. Naming aphasia and naming disorder are two different concepts. All patients with aphasia have different degrees of naming disorders. At the same time, naming disorders can also be seen in many patients with diffuse encephalopathy, but naming aphasia is an independent aphasia syndrome dominated by naming disorders. Simple naming aphasia is relatively rare in clinical practice, accounting for only 1% to 3% of the total number of aphasia patients.

Its characteristics are: spontaneous conversation: fluent oral, with normal rhythm, but mostly wrong and extraneous words. Due to the difficulty of finding words, the speech process often pauses or descriptive language instead of the name of the item. Listening and understanding: Completely normal/mild obstacles. Retelling: normal/very good. Naming: There are great obstacles in naming ability, and descriptive language often replaces the name of the item, but there are individual differences in the degree of obstacles of different patients. Some are difficult to find the name, and some are even unable to complete the naming under prompts. The main reason is that they cannot choose the word-based naming. They think they have forgotten the name of the object, and often use the attributes and functions of the object to replace the name of the object, and can choose the right name from the word selection prompts. Reading comprehension: close to normal. Writing: close to normal.

Special types of aphasia: cross-aphasia, any aphasia caused by cerebral hemisphere lesions on the ipsilateral side of the idiopathic hand, but now it mainly refers to aphasia that occurs after the right hemisphere lesions on the right hand. It is rare in clinical practice. There are few relevant studies on cross-aphasia, and most of them are case reports in the literature. Language disorders of cross-aphasia are secondary to right hemisphere injury. Imaging analysis of the lesion location of cross-aphasia has no literature reports.
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