Fuxi (xi) is also known as Mi Xi, Fuxi, Baoxi, Fuxi, and Fuxi, also known as Sacrifice Emperor, Huangxi and Taihao. It is called Fuxi in the Records of the Grand Historian. It is the ancestor of humanities of the Chinese nation. It is located in the early Neolithic Age and is said to be one of the founders of Chinese medicine.

Fuxi is the earliest king recorded in ancient Chinese books. According to the research of the late archaeologist Mr. Wang Xiantang, he was born in Quanlin and Huacun in Sishui County. Fuxi was extremely intelligent. Based on the changes of the world, he invented and created the Bagua, which became the beginning of ancient Chinese characters and ended the history of the "Knot Rope Chronicle". He also knotted ropes as nets to catch birds and hunt, taught people how to fish and hunt, invented the Se, and created the song "Jiabian". His activities marked the beginning of Chinese civilization.

According to legend, his head and snake body were married to his sister Nuwa, gave birth to children, and became the ancestor of mankind. According to legend, he was an outstanding leader of the ancient Chinese tribe. Fuxi created the Eight Trigrams based on the changes of yin and yang between heaven and earth, that is, he summarized all things between heaven and earth with eight simple but profound symbols. In addition, he also imitated spiders in nature to form webs to make nets for fishing and hunting. Records about Taihao Fuxi are common in ancient books, but there are different opinions.

In the image, Fuxi is wearing a shawl and wearing deer leather, which is an ancient style. In ancient times, people used stone tools to process animal skins, and then sewed them with bone needles and other tools to protect themselves from the cold. There are eight trigrams in the lower left corner of the picture to show his achievements in creating the eight trigrams, and Fuxi's eyes appear deep and wise, and worthy of the image of an ancient wise man.

Since Fuxi is the head of a snake, there is a saying that "the descendant of the dragon". Some scholars pointed out: "Fuxi was born in the snake clan and respected the snake. The leaves or deer-skin he wore, the scales or patterns of the right snake were shaped like a snake, which was the clan emblem or totem symbol of the snake clan. In recent years, more and more "the descendants of the dragon" have played an important role at home and abroad. In the early 1990s, the General Secretary came to Tianshui to inspect and wrote an inscription on the "Hometown of Emperor Xi" for the ancient history.

In ancient Chinese mythology, the task of starting to reproduce humans was to give it to the two brothers and sisters Fuxi and Nuwa.

The Huaxu girl, who lives in the "Huaxu Kingdom", went to a particularly scenic Lei Ze to visit. She occasionally saw a huge footprint and stepped on it curiously. She was pregnant and gave birth to a son on March 18th. She named Fuxi (Fuxi's birthday is the 18th day of the third lunar month. Now there is a custom of worshiping Fuxi on March 18th in the Central Plains). The footprints in the Lei Ze were actually left by the God of Thunder, the head of this God of Thunder with a dragon body (and Nuwa,

The gods of Pangu and others are also human-headed and snake-body). This thunder god is recorded in "Shan Hai Jing - East Classic of Hai Nei": "There is a thunder god in the thunder seed, with a dragon body and a human head, and its belly is bulging." Therefore, Fuxi was originally a "dragon seed" with a dragon body (snake body) human head. He is also the elder brother of the ancestor Nuwa. In the second volume of "Shanghai Shu Ren Ping" by Liang Yusheng of the Qing Dynasty, "The Book of the Spring and Autumn Period": "Hua Xu gave birth to a man as Fuxi, and a woman as Nuwa." Therefore, it is indeed unchangeable that Fuxi and Nuwa regard brothers and sisters as husband and wife.

Volume 2 of "Du Yizhi" by Li Yong of Tang Dynasty: "When the universe first opened, there were only Nuwa and his sisters in Kunlun Mountain, but there was no people in the world. I thought it was a couple, but I was ashamed of myself. My brother and sister went to Kunlun Mountain with my sister and cursed, "If the sky left my brother and sister as husband and wife, and the smoke was all together. If not, the smoke would disperse." When the smoke was together, the two became husband and wife." This statement is a general summary of the legend of Fuxi and Nuwa recreating human beings. It is also in Xu Xusheng's "Biography of Ancient Chinese History"

In the sixth chapter of "Talking about the Times": "In the "Dongxi Xianzhi" by Lu Ciyun in the early Qing Dynasty, it says: The Miao people's sacrifice is called "Reward Grass". Sacrifices are used to use witches, and set up Nuwa and Fuxi's position." Only after modern anthropologists conducted field investigations did they obtain the legends of these Miao people. According to their legends, the Miao people all came from Fuxi and Nuwa. They were brothers and sisters. After the flood, humans were cut off, and only the two of them remained. In order to continue humans, they became husband and wife.

In addition to the ancestors of the people, Fuxi was also an emperor who ruled one side. In "Huainanzi-Shi Zexun": "The extreme of the east is from Jieshi Mountain, passing through Korea, and spreading to the great king's country, east to the second of sunrise, the land of shrub trees, the wilderness of green earth trees, Taihun, and Jumang are responsible for tens of thousands of miles." Gao Yu's note: "Taihun, Fuxi, the emperor of the Eastern Wood De, Jumang, and Wood God." Fuxi was the Eastern Heavenly Emperor among the Five Emperors, which is his priesthood.

After that, Fuxi married his sister [Nuwa] for the sake of the future of mankind, and began to reproduce without any effort, so that the current human beings can be found. It should be said that Fuxi is the father of mankind, and Pangu, who opened the world, only created Fuxi, not created human beings.

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【Related Contributions】

It is said that Fuxi was Taihao, whose surname was Feng. Legend has it that he had holy virtues, which were like the brightness of the sun and the moon, so he was called Taihao. The ancestor of the Chinese nation in mythology. It is also said that he taught the people to build nets and engage in fishing, hunting and animal husbandry. He began to draw the Eight Trigrams and take the fire, and the Duchen Chen was the one who reigned for 15 years. Fuxi, the founder of mankind, was born in Tianshui, Gansu, grew up in Xinshi, Hebei (Xinle), and died in Huaiyang, Henan.

Fuxi is one of the earliest wise men in Chinese literature records. Fuxi has a keen observation of things, a deep affection for the land, and at the same time he has superhuman intelligence. Fuxi describes everything he observed with a mathematical symbol (this binary mathematical model has become the cornerstone of the development of today's computer technology), which is the Bagua.

In ancient times, there was a Tu River in the east of Mengjin and the Yellow River. The dragon and horse carries out the map. Fuxi draws the hexagram with Qian, Dui, Li, Zhen, Xun, Kan, Gen, and Kun based on the map of the dragon and horse. Later generations called Fuxi Eight Trigrams. Fuxi looked up at the sky, looked down at the law on the earth, and used the Yin and Yang Eight Trigrams to explain the evolutionary laws and human ethics of all things in the world. Fuxi took fire, corrected marriage, taught fishing and hunting, and ended the history of people eating raw meat and drinking blood. The dragon and horse carries out the source of the river map. Fuxi was regarded as the "ancestor of human roots" and "ancestor of humanities" of the Chinese nation. "Han Shu-Biography of Kong Anguo" says: "Dragon and horse are the essence of heaven and earth, and they are in shape. The horse body and dragon scales are called dragon and horse. The dragon and horse are red and green, eight feet and five inches tall, with wings like Luo, and they are not decayed when they are sages. The sage is in power, and the map comes from the Meng River."

In ancient my country, saints were often regarded as gods. Legend has it that Fuxi could reach the sky by relying on the ladder of heaven - Jianmu to reach the sky. "Shanhaijing-Saiyi" records: "In the South China Sea, there is a wood between the black water and the green water, called Jianmu. Taibaigao passed by, where Huangdi came." "Taibaigao passed by", which means Fuxi's ups and downs to Jianmu. "Huainanzi-Shizexun" records: "The extreme of the east is from Jieshi Mountain, passing by Korea, Taibaigao, and Jumang are responsible for 1,200 miles." Gao Yu's note: "Taibaigao, Fuxi, is the emperor of the Eastern Wood De; Jumang is the god of wood." Fuxi respected the Eastern Emperor among the Five Emperors, and this is his priesthood.

Fuxi Bagua

Fuxi's great contribution to the progress of human civilization was to draw Bagua. Bagua can deduce the changes of many things and predict the development of things. Bagua is a treasure of human civilization and a high-level "information database" in the universe. As early as the 17th century, the great German mathematician Leibniz founded the "China Academy" to study Bagua, and based on the "two yin, four symbols, Bagua, sixteen, thirty-two, and sixty-four hexagrams" of Bagua, invented binary numbers and advanced European computers in local Europe. The "binary method" contained in Bagua is now widely used in biology and electronics. In 1984 AD, a European scientist sighed that when he talked about the theory of Bagua's Yi, he was "very shocking". Many of the mysterious and magical aspects of Bagua are still being studied and discussed.

Fuxi Bagua Platform

Baguatai is located on the Yellow River in the north, Lianshan in the south, Hulao in the east, and Luochuan in the west. This place was originally the intersection of Heluo. It has been mild since ancient times, with fertile land and convenient transportation. As early as more than 10,000 years ago, our ancestors worked and lived here, creating material and spiritual civilization, thus becoming the birthplace of the ancient Chinese culture and the core of Heluo culture. Today, it is still a village called Luokou Village. When the village gate was rebuilt during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the three big characters "Guluo Oil" were engraved on the front of the village gate. There are stone couplets on both sides, the first couplet is "Painting Guangxu Qi and Shizhao North Threshold"; the second couplet is "Red and Green Characters to Revitalize the Eastern Zhou Dynasty". It summarizes the glorious past years of Guluo.

There are three large-scale Fuxi Temples and one Fuxi Platform in the ancient times, namely Taihao Mausoleum located in Huaiyang, Henan Province, Fuxi Temple in Tianshui City, Fuxi Temple in Guatai Mountain, Fuxi Temple in Qin'an, Fuxi Temple in Xinle, Hebei Province. Especially the large-scale Taihao Mausoleum in Huaiyang County, Taihao Fuxi Temple is the first of the 18 famous tombs in China, covering an area of ​​875 acres, solemn and solemn. It was built in the Spring and Autumn Period, increased in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and perfected in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the years of 3,000, there were 51 imperial sacrifices from all emperors. After 50 years of founding, the two prime ministers paid a visit to the majestic Prime Minister, and the majestic Prime Minister was dedicated to the tomb.

Afterwards, the routine of never writing inscriptions was changed and the plaque "The Ancient Capital of Emperor Xi" was readily written. The folk sacrificial activities lasted for thousands of years. In early spring, farmers from hundreds of counties and cities in the surrounding areas gathered incense, with an average of 200,000 people a day, lasting one month; there were grand sacrificial activities on the first and fifteenth day of each month of the lunar month. The Taihao Mausoleum sacrificial activities, as the largest folk temple fair in China, have been included in my country's intangible cultural heritage. The tomb temple was built with the mathematics of Fuxi's innate Bagua, which is an isolated example of a large-scale palace-style ancient building complex in the imperial tombs of China. The temple is 750 meters long from north to south.

It covers an area of ​​875 animals. It is divided into three "imperial cities" of outer city, inner city, and Forbidden City. The entire tomb has three halls, two floors, two corridors, two arches, one platform, one pavilion, one temple, one hall, one garden, seven view, and sixteen gates. Dozens of buildings mainly run through the central axis of the north and south vertical. If the north and south gates are opened layer by layer, you can look directly at the huge tomb of Taihao Fuxi in the Forbidden City from the first gate to the south, which is known as "Ten Gates to Look at".

【Hometown of Emperor Xi】

Fuxi was born in Langzhong

Langzhong has been beautiful in mountains and rivers since ancient times, and has outstanding people. Among the outstanding people, Fuxi's mother Hua Xu is undoubtedly the earliest great mother of the Chinese nation.

According to the "History of Lu" by Luo Mi in the Song Dynasty, "Taihao" Fuxi's Huaxu lived on the shore of Huaxu, and Shang Jishuai Xiang was in the Fen of Zhu. The huge trace came out. Huaxu decided to walk to him, and his intention was moved. The rainbow surrounded him. He was twelve years old. Born in Qiuyi and grew up in Qicheng. It means that Fuxi's mother Huaxu lived by the Huaxu water. She was pregnant with Fuxi because she stepped on the footsteps of Thunder God. The commentary of "History of Lu" says: "The abyss of Huaxu is named because Huaxu lived in it, and it is the land of Yushui in Langzhong." The "Map of Zhou" explains: "The water of Langzhong is Yushui." The "Dunjia Kaishan Tu" also says: "The water of Huaxu is also known as the water of Yushui in Langzhong."

: "Quoyi Mountain is located on all sides. Pengchi is all Western scholars, and it is the birthplace of Fuxi." Lansheng says: "Pengchi is the southern pond today." The fields have changed, and the blue waves were originally rippling. Huaxu once played here and gave birth to Fuxi. Now it has become the new city district of Qili Town with high-rise buildings. The earliest Chinese document, "Shan Hai Jing" written during the Warring States Period, when exploring this historical context, said: "There is a Ba Kingdom in the southwest. Taigao has salted birds, and salted birds have Chengli, and Chengli has Houzhao, and Houzhao has started to be the Ba people." From this, Fuxi is also the earliest ancestor of the Ba people.

Not only that, Langzhong had "Fuxi Township" during the Qin and Han Dynasties. After Ba people leader Fan Mu helped Liu Bang to "return the Three Qins", Liu Bang named Fan Mu the "Cifu Township Hou". The famous scholar Wen Yiduo said in "Fuxi's Care" that "Cifu" is the heavy lip sound of "Fuxi", and later historians mistakenly regarded "Fuxi" as "Cifu".

At the same time, Langzhong has many physical evidence and legends about Fuxi in the long river of history. In the early days of liberation, there was a towering Fuxi Palace on Mahuang Mountain, Qili Town, Langzhong, which was destroyed in "*"; in Ganhe Village, Qili Town, there is still a "Hengqi Bridge" in which Fuxi and Nuwa got married with two stone mills rolling down and getting together; in the Donghe River at the foot of Lingshan Mountain in Langzhong, there is a large number of colorful stones lying quietly, which is said to be the remains left by Nuwa when he repaired the sky; the Huang Shibao next to Qili Dam is also said to be the place where Fuxi's sister Nuwa made yellow Shi to create humans------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fuxi's contribution to Langzhong's history and culture

Hu horses rely on the north wind and the south branch of the bird's nest. Fuxi was elected as the head of the tribe in Chenzhou, Henan Province. After Fuxi was elected as the head of the tribe in Chenzhou, Henan, he returned to Langzhong, his mother Huaxu's hometown, three times, and completed two major inventions. One was to fish with nets. At that time, the area of ​​Qili Town was still a vast lake with vast waves, called Pengchi and Nanchi. He saw that the people used tree branches and stones to hit swimming fish along the coast, and the hit rate was very low, so he was inspired to catch moths from spiders and webs, and tried to weave fish nets into fish nets to catch fish, which was save trouble, effort, and harvested. He could not finish the fish, and he taught the people to wove the bark into fish baskets to stock up. This was the "balu" that fishermen in the Jialing River Basin are still using today; the second was to teach people to hunt. Seeing that the people's hunting methods and weapons were backward, he used stones

The head, wooden stick, and bamboo slices were made into sharp weapons. When they encountered big beasts, they held sharp weapons and attacked them. According to the methods he taught and the weapons he invented, they gained a lot. They could not finish eating them. He also taught people to raise the slightly injured little beasts, thus revealing the prelude to human raising pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, rabbits, and dogs. Fuxi also focused on ecological balance. Once he killed a deer, and others cheered for him, but he said in tears that this was a pregnant deer, and I shouldn't have killed her! Fuxi understood the cycle of all things from the animal world, and integrated this cycle concept into his hexagram theory, and learned from one example. Later, King Wen performed the Zhou Yi and Bagua, which actually analyzed, argued and summarized Fuxi's hexagrams and the principles of the Book of Changes.

Langzhong was called "Langhuan" in the early ancient times. "Cihai" and "Ciyuan" say: "Langhuan" is the place where Emperor Tian collects books. "Lang" means "Lang", and "Tian Shu" is Fuxi's profound sixty-four hexagrams (the sixty-four hexagrams are King Wen, and the Bagua is Fuxi). It is said that ancient great scholars Chen Tuan, Guiguzi, and Zhang Liang all went to Langzhong to study and felt the "Tian Shu". After Sun Bin taught "Tian Shu" through Guiguzi, he wrote "Thirteen Chapters of Sun Tzu" (Thirteen Chapters were written by Sun Wu, not Sun Bin), and Zhang Liang even assisted Liu Bang in completing the great cause of unification. Du Fu also came to Langzhong to experience the spiritual energy of "Langhuan", so he wrote 70 popular poems about myopia in Langzhong.

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【Promote Fuxi Culture】

Promoting Fuxi culture has far-reaching historical significance and profound practical significance. From a historical perspective, with the completion of the "Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasty Project" and the official announcement of the Xia, Shang and Shang Anniversary Table, the research on the "Three Emperors" culture will become increasingly prominent, and the more accurate chronology of the history of Chinese civilization will be pushed from 2070 BC to an earlier era. The Dadiwan cultural site discovered in Tianshui in the late 1950s has various concordance with the legends and historical records of the Fuxi clan, and has become a favorable condition for finally uncovering the mystery of the origin of Chinese civilization. It can be said that through in-depth research on Fuxi and Fuxi culture, the history of Chinese civilization will be pushed to an earlier era, and the history of Chinese civilization may be 8,000-10,000 years. From the perspective of origin history

From a perspective, it is conducive to further exploring the origin and development process of Chinese civilization, especially the origin, dissemination and development trajectory of dragon culture. The philosophical thinking, scientific direction, humanistic spirit and creative spirit embodied in Fuxi culture are of great practical significance for today's natural science and social science research, breaking superstitions, exposing cult heresy, etc. The national origin and widespread dissemination of Fuxi culture play an important role in improving national self-confidence, enhancing national cohesion, uniting Chinese at home and abroad, actively supporting and participating in national construction, promoting the peaceful reunification of the motherland, further expanding foreign cultural exchanges, and maintaining world peace and development. Promoting Fuxi culture has profound historical significance and great practical significance.

The times are progressive, and culture is constantly developing. Fuxi culture is inspiring batches of descendants of the dragon to devote themselves to the construction and development of the motherland and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with its inherent creativity and practicality, its inclusive humanistic spirit and scientific spirit of understanding the world.

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【Fuxi’s 15 Tribal Alliance】

Because of Fuxi's achievements, Jin-Huangfu Mi's "The Century of Emperors", "Dunjia Kaishan Tu", and "Tongjian Wai Ji" say that after Taihao Fuxi there were 15 tribal alliances in the world, all of which inherited the title of Fuxi. They were: Nuwa, Dating, Baihuang, Zhong, and Fengxu (There are "Tongjian Wai Ji" and there are no other books), Li Lu, Li Lian, Huxu, Zunlu, Hundu, Haoying, Youchao, Zhu Xiang, Ge Tian, ​​Yin Kang, and Wuhuai. "Yi Wei-Jilan Tu" says that from Jiayin Fuxi to Wuhuai, a total of 57,882 years.

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【The Legend of Fuxi】

Fuxi is the legendary ancestor of human civilization and is respected as the leader of the "Three Emperors".

According to legend, his mother's name was Huaxu, and she was a very beautiful woman. One day, she went on a outing on Leize and found a big footprint while traveling. Out of curiosity, she stepped on her footprints and felt like she was tangled by a snake, so she became pregnant. What is strange is that this pregnancy lasted for twelve years. Later, she gave birth to a child with a snake in her head, which is Fuxi. In order to commemorate the birth of Fuxi, local people specially changed the place name to Chengji, because in ancient times, people regarded the twelve years as a first. According to historians, ancient Chengji is today's Tianshui. The "Book of Han" says: "Chengji belongs to Hanyang County, and Hanyang County is Tianshui County. The place where the ancient emperor Fuxi was born." Therefore, Tianshui has always been called the "hometown of Emperor Xi".

According to legends and historical records, as the founder of human civilization, Fuxi's main achievements were: First, he taught the people to make nets for fishing and hunting, which greatly improved the production capacity of human beings at that time. At the same time, he taught the people to tame wild animals, which was the origin of domestic animals. Second, he changed marriage customs and rituals of men and women to marry, and changed blood marriage into extra-parent marriage, which ended the long-term children only knew their mother but not their father's original group marriage status. Third, he started to create books and deeds to record things, replacing the backward forms of knotting ropes and recording things in the past. Fourth, he invented instruments such as pottery, zither, and zither, created musical songs and songs, brought music into people's lives, and helped people "cultivate their self-rationality and rebellion". Fifth, he divided the areas of their rule and governed them, and appointed officials to manage society to provide reference for future generations to govern society. Sixth, he created ancient calendars.

However, Fuxi's greatest achievement was to create the Bagua.

In the western part of Weinan Township, Maiji District (formerly known as Beidao District), there is a Guatai Mountain. According to legend, this is where Fuxi paints the Eight Trigrams. It is said that in the ancient times when Fuxi lived, people knew nothing about nature. When it rained, windy, lightning and thunder were roaring, people were both afraid and confused. Fuxi, who was born intelligent, wanted to figure out all this, so he often stood on Guatai Mountain, looked up at the sun, moon and stars in the sky, looked down at the surrounding terrain, and sometimes studied the footprints of birds and beasts and the patterns on his body.

One day, he came to Guatai again and was thinking hard about the phenomenon he had observed for a long time. Suddenly, he heard a strange roar and saw a dragon horse jumping out of the cave opposite Guatai Mountain. It was said that it was a dragon horse because the animal had a dragon head and horse body and had very strange patterns on it. The dragon horse jumped to a large stone in the Weishui River at Guatai Mountain. The stone was shaped like Tai Chi, and combined with the patterns on the dragon horse body, Fuxi immediately realized it, so he drew the Bagua.

Later, the cave where the dragon horse jumped out was called the Longma Cave, and the big stone in the Wei River was called the Distraction Stone. Now when you go to Guatai Mountain, you can still see these places. Moreover, there are stone troughs and stone beds in the Longma Cave.

As for the achievements of Bagua, it lies in its profound cultural connotation. The Fuxi culture, characterized by it, still attracts countless scholars at home and abroad to explore and study. Moreover, many contemporary disciplines are deeply influenced by it and are inspired by it. It is said that the great German mathematician Leibniz was also inspired by Bagua.

There is this possibility: Mi Xi, Pao Xi, Bao Xi, Fu Xi, also known as Sacrifice Emperor, Huang Xi, and Taihao are all tribal leaders from Fuxi. They are in different eras, but have the same status, and can all be called "Fuxi" (because they all come from Fuxi's tribe).

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【Views on the legend of Fuxi】

Among the imperial lineages in ancient Chinese legendary times, Taihao Fuxi was regarded as the "head of the Three Emperors" and the "first of the Hundred Kings" and had a very prominent position. However, since ancient times and the present, there have been endless disputes about Fuxi's name, era, land hope, clan system, etc.; is Fuxi a human or a god? Are Taihao and Fuxi one or two people? These questions have been unclear. However, if we trace the source along the waves and clarify the historical process of Taihao Fuxi's status in the ancient imperial lineage, the above problems will naturally be solved.

1. Fuxi in ancient classics

There are many ways to write Fuxi's name in ancient books, in addition to "Fuxi" ("Zhuangzi-World World"), there are "Fuxi" ("Zhuangzi-Grandmaster"), "Fuxi" ("Fayan-Question"), "Baoxi" ("Yi-Xicixia"), "Mifeng" ("Han Shu-Ancient and Modern People's Blog"), "Paoxi" ("Han Shu-Lu Li Zhixia"), "Fuxi" ("Shui Jing Notes-Wei Shui"), "Wuxi" ("Guanzi-Fengshan") and so on. One noteworthy issue is that compared with the ancestors of the Chinese nation such as Huangdi, Fuxi was released late in ancient classics. In the classics before the mid-Warring States Period, "The Analects of Confucius", "Mozi", "Zuo Zhuan", "Mandarin", "Mencius" and others did not place Fuxi. Even if it records mythological figures, there is still no place for Fuxi in the "Shan Hai Jing" which has many ancient emperors.

The earliest record of Fuxi was from "Zhuangzi" in the middle and late Warring States Period. However, this man Zhuangzi liked ancient times and "wrote more than 100,000 words of calligraphy, which was mostly fables." The Fuxi mentioned is both empty and real, both god and man, and most of them are based on names and examples to use images to explain it in a vivid way. There are 5 records about Fuxi in "Zhuangzi", 2 are from "inner chapters" and 3 are from "outer chapters". In "inner chapters" and "outer chapters", Fuxi's ranking among the ancient emperors was different. "Zhuangzi-Human World" belonging to "inner chapters": "It is what all things are transformed, Yu and Shun respond to things, and Fuxi, what Fuxi ends, and what is scattered!" Here, Zhuangzi listed Fuxi in Yu and Shun. "Zhuangzi-Grandmaster":

"The Tao is sentient beings and faith, and inaction is invisible... The Master of Wei obtained it to take the heaven and earth; the Master of Fuxi obtained it to attack the mother of the earth; the Master of Wei Dou obtained it to be unlucky; the Sun and the Moon obtained it to be unremitting; the Master of Wei finally got it to be destroyed to attack Kunlun; Feng Yi obtained it to travel to the river; Jianwu obtained it to be in a large mountain; the Emperor of Huang got it to climb the clouds and sky; the Zhuanxu obtained it to be in Xuangong." Here it means that "Tao" is invisible and has infinite functions. The Master of Wei used "Tao" to rectify the heaven and earth, and Fuxi used "Tao" to harmonize the vitality. This section is mixed with humans and gods, and stars and moons appear, which is very chaotic. Many annotators in "Zhuangzi" suspected to be added to later generations. I think it is not necessary to refer to it as later generations, but at least it means that Fuxi has not yet become a human ancestor here.

"The "External Chapter" in "Zhuangzi" has always been believed to be the benefit of Zhuangzi's descendants in the late Warring States Period or the Qin and Han Dynasties. It was not out of Zhuangzi's hands, and the times came out late. "Zhuangzi-Liaoqian": "I don't know the world of virtue? In the past, Rongcheng, Dating, Bohuang, Zhongshi, Li Lu, Li Zuo, Xuanyuan, Huxu, Zunlu, Zhurong, Fufeng, and Shennong were the same. People knotted ropes and used them, enjoyed their food, enjoyed their customs, lived in peace, and looked at each other in neighboring countries. The sound of chickens and dogs was the same.

It was heard that the people did not interact with each other until they were old and died." Fuxi ranked behind Huangdi of Xuanyuan and before Shennong. "Zhuangzi-Shunting": "After virtue declined, and when he came to Shuiren, Fuxi was the world, so he was obedient but not uniform; when he died, and when he went to Shennong, Huangdi began to be the world, so he was peaceful but not harmonious." "Zhuangzi-Tianzifang": "In ancient times, those who knew were not allowed to say, beauties were not allowed to be excessive, those who stole people were not allowed to steal, and those who stole the plays, and Huangdi did not get friends." In these two paragraphs, Fuxi's ranking among the ancient emperors was quite close to those listed in later generations.

In the book "Zhuangzi", there are three ways to write Fuxi's name, either recorded as "Fuxi", or recorded as "Fuqi", "Fuji", and inconsistent; chaotic status, either human or god; among the ancient emperors, the sequence was uncertain, after Yu, Shun, and Huangdi, or before them, their status gradually increased. This shows that during the Zhuangzi period, Fuxi was still in the legendary period and in the creation process, he was an uncertain and undefined character.

The classics after Zhuangzi, such as Guanzi, Xunzi, and Shangjun's books, Fuxi was recorded in the books, either moved in from Zhuangzi, or mixed in the Qin and Han dynasties. The Yi-Xici was written by Confucius, but most of them were written by people between the Qin and Han dynasties. The "Xicixia" records that Fuxi's achievements are the most famous: "In ancient times, Baoxi was the king of the world. When he looked up, he looked at the image in the sky, and when he looked down, he looked at the law in the earth. The text of watching birds and beasts and the earth was suitable for the earth, and the articles of watching birds and beasts are suitable for the earth.

The body took everything from far away, so I started to write the Eight Trigrams to understand the virtues of gods and to match the feelings of all things. I made knots and made nets and cranes, and used tenants to fish, and mostly took the Li. Baoshen family was lost, Shennong family was lost, and Shennong family was lost, and Huangdi Yao and Shun family was used to communicate with the changes, so that the people were tireless, and the people were transformed with the spirit and transformed, so that the people were suitable for it." This passage has a great influence, but it describes that Fuxi's achievements are so comprehensive and systematic that it should have come from the Qin and Han dynasties, and it would not be earlier than "Zhuangzi".

"Records of the Grand Historian" remembered from Huangdi, but did not write a biography of Fuxi. There are two places recorded by Fuxi, both of which are quoted by the predecessors. "The Preface of Taishi Gong": "I heard that my ancestors said, "Fuxi was so pure and thick, and wrote the Eight Trigrams of the Book of Changes." "The Book of Fengchan" borrowed Guan Zhong's words: "In the past, Wu Huai's family was granted Mount Tai, Zen, and Zen; Shennong, and Tai, and Zen; Huangdi's conferred Mount Tai, and Zen." Sima Qian was very strict in his history. Because of the many prophecies and errors about Fuxi's legend at that time, it was difficult to identify. Although he did not deny it, he had doubts about it.

Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty broke through the boundaries of "Records of the Grand Historian" and pushed the ancient emperor from Huangdi to Fuxi. At this point, Fuxi began to ascend to Guanding's official history. "Han Shu-Lu Lizhi" quoted Liu Xin's "Shi Jing" saying: "The Kushen inherited the sky and the king, and was the first of hundreds of kings. The first virtue began in wood, so the emperor was Taihao." (See the analysis below for details) "Han Shu-Ancient and Modern People" first described Fuxi, and the second of Yan and Huang were listed as Yan and Huang, and Fuxi was the source of history. He believed that Fuxi was the first of all kings, and Yan and Huang followed Fuxi to the king. "White Tiger Tongyi" says: "What are the three emperors? Fuxi, Nuwa, and Shennong." It pushed Fuxi to the first of the three emperors and the position of the hundred kings.

The "Imperial Century" written by Huangfu Mi of the Jin Dynasty is a historical book that specializes in the lineage, age and deeds of the emperor. The three emperors are listed above and to the Han and Wei dynasties. The three emperors are listed first, and Fuxi is talking about Fuxi's achievements: "Supering the sky and the king", "making the eight trigrams", "making the book contract", "making the thirty-six strings of zither", "making the ritual of marriage", "taking sacrifices for the kitchen", etc. We noticed that Huangfu Mi said: "Nuwa... inherited the system of sacrifice... and Nuwa's family, then there were Dating, Baihuang, Zhong, Li Lu, Li Lian, Huxu, Zunlu, Hunhun, and Haoying,

Youchao, Zhu Xiang, Ge Tian, ​​Yin Kang, Wuhuai, all fifteen generations passed the title of "Sheng". "On the one hand, he regarded Fuxi as an ancient emperor, and on the other hand, he included all the names mentioned in "Zhuangzi" under Fuxi's name, "all inherited the title of "Sheng". In fact, Fuxi's great achievements may not be created by one person. (Note: Since hieroglyphs appeared in the era of bronze and stone use, the person who created the characters was Cangjie, the assistant of Huangdi Xuanyuan, so Fuxi's statement of "making a book contract" in the early Neolithic Age was insufficient.)

Later, the Tang Emperor Gaozu's "Revising the History of the Six Dynasties" and the Tang Emperor Taizong's "Revising the Book of the Jin Dynasty" both took Fuxi as the beginning of Chinese culture. The so-called "Fuxi descended from Qin Si and the Han Dynasty, and the three kingdoms were ordered together. It was written in the Jin and Song dynasties." In the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Sima Zhen added the "Book of the Three Emperors" for "Records of the Grand Historian", reviewed and supplemented the literature materials about Fuxi in previous lives, forming a relatively complete historical biography. At this point, the process of historicization in ancient historical classics was completed.

Generally speaking, in the literature of history, the records of Fuxi began to appear from "Zhuangzi" after the middle and late Warring States Period and gradually recorded in official history. Fuxi was not seen in the classics before the Spring and Autumn Period. The Warring States Period and even the Qin and Han Dynasties, the more detailed the records of Fuxi went back to the time. Fuxi became more outstanding in the ancient imperial lineage, and the higher the status of the ancient emperors. This shows that in the ancient classics passed down, Fuxi experienced a process of degeneration from nothing to something, from god to emperor, and from chaos to system.

2. Fuxi, who was the god of creation in the original myth

There are two paths to trace the origin of the Fuxi legend. In addition to finding the traces from ancient documents mentioned above, there is also a path, namely the methods of mythology and folklore.

The most authoritative study of Fuxi by modern people is the "Fuxi Care" written by the senior scholar Wen Yiduo. The first half of this article collected a large number of records of dragons and snakes from historical documents, and combined with the bricks and stones of Han Dynasty portraits discovered at that time, pronounced that Fuxi was a dragon totem; the second half collected nearly 50 stories and folk materials about Fuxi and Nuwa's marriage and recreation of humanity after the flood, and pronunciation was performed to prove that Fuxi was the ancestor god of the Miao and Man races in the south. This article was widely cited in more than half a century and has become a difficult theory. However, there have been doubts recently, Lin Sheng believes that Fuxi's legend

It was not introduced by the descendants of the ancient Miao and Barbarians. The legend of brothers and sisters getting married after the flood among southern ethnic minorities began in Pangu recorded in "Common General" of Ying Shao of the Eastern Han Dynasty; Fuxi and Nuwa were also irrelevant, and the two were combined and returned to their ancestors to become "family" after the Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty [2]. Chang Jincang believed that Wen Yiduo made a statement based on the political purpose of "all Chinese ethnic groups united and jointly defended foreign enemies" during the War of Resistance Against Japan, replacing academics with politics, and using Western totem theory and anthropological theory to accompany folk legends, Fuxi and Nuwa had insufficient evidence to create the world [3]. Both of them raised questions about Fuxi's identity as the creation god and ancestor god of the southern ethnic group.

"Lunheng-Tantian": "The one who says "The essence of the qi is not divided, and the qi is one." In the "Shuowen" explains "one" in "Shuowen": "Only the first Tai Chi, Tao is established in one. It divides the heaven and earth, and transforms into all things." "Liezi-Tianrui": "If one has a shape, then the heaven and earth will be born from the invisible?" Therefore, it is said: There is Taiyi, Taichu, Taishi, and Taisu. Taiyi has not seen qi; Taichu is the beginning of qi; Taichu is the beginning of form, the beginning of form is the beginning of form.

; Taisu is the beginning of quality. Qi, form and quality are complete but not separated, so it is called Hunlun. Hunlun means that all things are in a state of being lurking but not separated. If you cannot see it, you cannot hear it, and follow it, so it is called Yi." When you have not seen Qi, it is Taiyi, Qi is the beginning of Taichu, the beginning of form is Taichu, and the beginning of quality is Taisu, and the state of Qi is the whole and not separated is called Chaos. This chaotic thing is the vital energy, and the state of vital energy is Taichi.

The so-called "Taiyi" in "Taiyi Life Water", the so-called "Tao" in "Laozi", and the so-called "Taiji" in "The Book of Changes" are all chaotic and invisible vital energy at the beginning of the universe. "Huainanzi-Astronomy": "The universe produces vital energy." "Huainanzi-Quanyan": "The cave is the same as the heaven and earth, and chaos is simplicity. All things have not been created are called Taiyi." Han Gao's note: "Taiyi, the primordial spirit is the one that totals all things." This "primordial spirit" that totals all things should be Fuxi.

It can be seen from the literal interpretation that Fuxi is "yuanqi", and its original meaning is "Siqi". "Shuowen Jiezi" explains "Fu" as: "Fu is the sage, and follows people and follow dogs. Chen Xuan and others said: "Si is the sage." Duan Note: "Si is the sage, and the minister is the sage outside. The sage is the sage. Anyone who has a sage must pay special attention to it. Fuju is the sage, and it is extended to be the sage." "Xi", "Shuowen Jiezi" explains: "Xi is the sage. According to the meaning of "Xi", "Shuowen Jiezi" explains: "Xi, the sage is the sage".

It is also explained that "deficiency" is: "deficiency is to be at the same time. The elephant qi is relaxed and weak, and from the same time, one is the calmness of the qi." The original meaning of the word "xi" is that the breath is slowly extended and weaker (so it is often used as a tone word to express tone at the end). Therefore, the original meaning of the word "xi" is "qi", and the pronunciation of the word "xi" is also like the sound of blowing air, so Duan Yucai notes "Xi" from the pronunciation of the "Xi" as "meaning the boast of Qi." As for Fuxi, it is also written as "Fu Xi", "Fu Feng", etc., they are all evolution of the word "Xi".

"Taiyi" and "Tai Chi" are "chaos", and the universe originated from chaos. Similarly, Fuxi also originated from "chaos", and its prototype is also the chaotic energy of the beginning of Taishi.

In the creation myth recorded in the "Chu Silk Book Jia Pian" mentioned above, Fuxi was born in chaos. Moreover, the cosmic creation process described in "Huainanzi-Spirit" is quite similar to the "Chu Silk Book Jia Pian": "There was no time in ancient times, but it was invisible, dark, dark, dark, and Hongmeng Hong Cave. No one knew its door. There were two gods mixed together, and through the heaven and the earth. No one knew its ultimate, and no one knew its end. So they separated into Yin and Yang, separate into Eight Poles, hard and soft together, and all things were in shape." The world opened

It begins with a chaotic air, and then divides Yin and Yang to transform all things. Compared with the "Chu Silk Book Jia Pian", the "two gods" here should refer to Fuxi, Nuwa. Fuxi and Nuwa are the two gods of Yin and Yang. From a philosophical point of view, it is the two gods of Yin and Yang; from a mythological point of view, it is Fuxi and Nuwa. In the murals of Han tombs, the portraits of Fuxi and Sun Rubbers represent yang; Nuwa holds the moon or moon ruler in his hand, represent yin. Fuxi and Nuwa get married and have four sons, and they have all things. This is the beginning of the transformation of Yin and Yang to cultivate all things.

In primitive myths and folk legends, this chaotic body before creation is vividly expressed as a gourd. The process of creation from chaos to the world is vividly described as a gourd splitting from the center. That is, the so-called judgment of heaven and earth, and separation of yin and yang. The Book of Songs-Mian has a record of "Mianmian melon, the beginning of the people", which is the earliest example of ancient documents tracing the origin of man to gourd melon. Later, in folk mythology, the motif of the gourd discernment derived a large number of flood ark-shaped stories. The gourd acts as a container and becomes a symbol of human regeneration, and then transforms the gourd into Pangu and Fuxi.

The earliest written record of Pangu's myth is "Three Five Calendar Records" by Xu Zheng, a native of Wu of the Three Kingdoms. This book has been lost. Volume 2 of "Taiping Yulan" quotes one of the words: "The heaven and earth are as chaotic as chickens, Pangu is born in it. Ten thousand years old, the heaven and earth are opened, the yang is clear and the yang is clear, and the yin and turbid are earth. Pangu is in it, and nine changes in one day, the gods are in the sky, and the holy is in the earth. The sky is one zhang high, the earth is one zhang thick, and the Pangu is one zhang long. In this case, ten thousand years old, the heavens are extremely high, the earth is extremely deep, and Pangu is extremely long. Later there are three emperors." It is said that Pangu created the world and was a great creation god. As for the relationship between Pangu and Fuxi, many scholars have made conclusions: Pangu was Fuxi, and both of them were from gourds (chaotic). In 1941, Changren Xia said in the article "Research on the Stone Coffin Unearthed from Shapingba": "Fuxi is one, but there is no Dings in ancient times, or Fu The same voices are both fake. Fuxi and Panhu are two voices. Fuxi, Fuxi, Pangu, Hu, and the voices are almost the same as the word "Fuxi, Fuxi, Pangu, Hu, and the voices are almost the same as the word "Fuxi" "Wu and Chu, the theory of the Pangu couple is the beginning of yin and yang"" and he concluded that the Pangu couple is immediately the Fuxi couple who are married and reproduced by their own marriage. Fuxi Nuwa in the Han Dynasty portrait stone was a human-headed snake mate, which is similar to Pangu's dragon-headed snake body, which further proves that Pangu is Fuxi. [6] Most of the time in the fifth part of "Fuxi Kao" "Fuxi and the Gourd", the argument is based on a large number of ancient books and folk materials, pointing out that Panhu and Fuxi turned aside from a single voice, "Ming is from the same origin". Fuxi and Pangu were both born from gourds, or Fuxi and Pangu were both anthropomorphic of gourds. Fuxi became the ancestor of mankind.

From the meaning of pronunciation, "Cun" and "Gourd" are the relationship between pronunciation, "Cun" is just like "Cun", and "Cun" is converted into "Gourd" in common slang. The fourth chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions" is "Gourd Monk Judgment of the Gourd Case", which means "Cun Monk" to judge "Cun Monk". However, Wen Yiduo asked about "Cun" as "Pangu (Hu), "Panhu", and "Fuxi" in the same voice, so "Pangu" is also "Fuxi". In this way, the path of transformation and evolution of "Cun-Gourd-Panhu-Pangu-Fuxi" is very clear.
To be continued...