"Well, what Your Majesty said is, I know that there were two types of troops in the Qing Dynasty: the Eight Banners and the Green Camp. The main body was the Green Camp, and the Green Camp's troops were scattered and had no organization, so the combat power was very weak. Who doesn't know how to hit people with fists instead of scratching people with fingers? The key is that the Qing court's fists could not be clenched! Then why is the Green Camp so scattered? The reason is that since ancient times, the tradition of military and police is inseparable. The ancient police are in the army, administrative, and judicial organs.

The army has the responsibility to maintain social order. The Qing army was not a pure national defense force, but also had three functions: police, internal security forces, and national defense forces. The dispersed distribution of the army also affected the speed of dispatching troops. The military discipline was scattered, there was no clear retirement system, the military training was aborted, and it was dark. Therefore, the Qing army could not defeat the British army in any case. Is it, Your Majesty?" Princess Katrina Kafu continued.

"That's right, the Qing court did not lose in national strength, but in military construction. This is rare. If a new army directly controlled by the central government's politics and law were established earlier, it would not be the result. If the elite troops similar to Li Hongzhang's Huai army in the later period were similar to those of Li Hongzhang's Huai army, they would not have lost Beijing. However, the Qing court did not dare to do this. Why could the Qing court only mobilize tens of thousands of people to participate in the war? Because the emperor of the Qing Dynasty was not Han, compared with the Ming Dynasty, the Qing court had to invest more soldiers to prevent the Han people from rebelling. Therefore, there were not many soldiers who could transfer to war. The Qing court did not send many soldiers to deal with the Jinchuan rebellion of the Greater and Yunnan rebellion.

It was the mentality of the Qing court to look at the British army. They knew that even if they lost, the British would not destroy the Qing court, so they would not immediately call the soldiers available across the country. The British ships were better than those of the Qing Dynasty, and most of the Qing Dynasty ships were fishing in the kind. What does the British army have large ships mean to the Qing army? They just couldn’t immediately know the whereabouts of the other party. In addition, the British weapons were much stronger than the Qing army, and the tactics were the same. Even if they invested dozens of times, they would not have much chance of winning. A war broke out in a country with no borders, and the navy's initiative became very high. This is why the Beiyang Navy, Nanyang Navy and Guangdong Navy were trained later."

"Well, this is very similar to the relationship between us and Japan now. Although we do not have a strong navy, the gap between our army and the Japanese army is even greater than that between the British army and the Qing army that invaded the Qing Dynasty. The first Opium War occurred in June 1940. Yilu led 16 British warships, 4 armed ships, 28 transport ships, and 4,000 troops to the sea surface of Guangzhou. In August, Yilu led 16 British warships, 4 armed ships, 28 transport ships, and 4,000 troops.

On the 3rd, Daoguang received a warning from Lin Zexu that the British army might go north to Tianjin. Daoguang immediately ordered the governor of Zhili Qishan: Tianjin "is not allowed to trade, and cannot report according to the situation, to prevent his coveted selfishness. If there is a rebellious situation, he will lead his troops and fight the camera. After the British army arrived at Dagukou on August 9, he learned from Qishan's memorial that Tianjin "has old artillery position and insufficient troops". Britain arrived in Guangzhou in June and Dagukou on August 9.

Compared with the Qing Dynasty, Beijing received information from Guangzhou on August 3. From this we can see that the British army's maneuver speed was only a few days slower than the Qing envoys. This means that the British army's maneuver speed was much faster than the Qing army's maneuver speed. Therefore, tens of thousands of people were the troops that could be gathered on the battlefield at that time. This does not mean that the Qing Dynasty did not have so many troops. It was just that the Qing Dynasty could not reach the battlefield in time. At that time, the Qing Dynasty had a misjudgment of the strategy. The Qing Dynasty believed that the British target was Guangzhou, so the troops gathered in the direction of Guangzhou. Other places did not mobilize in time. The Qing Dynasty did not estimate the British combat power in sufficient quantities. In the process of military weapons transformation, the right direction was not correctly judged. Therefore, there was no sufficient mobilization. Our current information contact was much more developed than the Qing court. Our only weakness was that the navy and industrial foundation were still very weak and the national treasury was empty." Princess Katrina Kaif said.

"When the Second Opium War, the Qing court was weaker and the great powers became stronger, so there was no suspense to be beaten again." The cute president nodded, sighing slightly when he thought of the humiliation that China had once been, and was also glad that he was reborn in 1870, a period of relatively peacefulness that was conducive to the development of the Qing Dynasty. Otherwise, even if he was allowed to run to the two Opium Wars, he would have no choice.

Besides, there was a Taiping Heavenly Kingdom at that time. What the cute president disliked the most was that the Chinese people beat themselves and he couldn't do it.

The process of the Second Opium War can be divided into "the first British and French Allied Forces Campaign" and "the second British and French Allied Forces Campaign".

The first battle of the British and French coalition was signed from the outbreak of the war in 1856 to the arrival of the coalition in Tianjin in 1858, and the second battle of the British and French coalition was signed from the first Dagukou Battle in 1858 to the signing of the Beijing Treaty in 1860.

In 1856, the British used the excuse of the Guangdong Navy capturing the pirates on the Chinese ship "Aro" in Huangpu, Guangzhou and sent troops to attack Guangzhou. France used the excuse of the French Catholic priest Ma Lai being killed in Xilin, Guangxi and also sent troops to invade China.

In December 1857, more than 5,600 British and French invading troops (including 1,000 French troops) gathered at the estuary of the Pearl River and prepared to launch a large-scale attack. American minister William Le and Russian minister Putiyatin also arrived in Hong Kong and conspired with Britain and France to invade China. On December 12, Erkin and Gross issued an ultimatum of 10 days to Ye Mingchen.

At this time, the Qing government was fully suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army uprising. In addition, the "hardships and food" were difficult, and the foreign invaders adopted the policy of "stop troops as the key" against foreign invaders.

Ye Mingchen faithfully implemented the policies of the Qing government and did not engage in war defense.

On December 28, the British and French coalition forces shelled Guangzhou and landed on the siege. The commander-in-chief came to the capital, and the Qianzong Deng Anbang and others led their troops to resist stubbornly, but they lost the next day. Guangdong Governor Bai Gui and Guangzhou General Mukdenne surrendered, and continued to serve as their original post under the supervision of the "Alliance Committee" led by Bashali to the enemy for the enemy's command. Ye Mingchen was captured and later transferred to Kolkata, India.

During the occupation of Guangzhou by the British and French invading troops, the local people carried out an indomitable anti-imperialist struggle. The righteous people near Guangzhou established a gang training bureau in Foshan Town, gathered tens of thousands of people to fight against insults and kill the enemies. Patriots such as Hong Kong and Macau also went on strike to protest.

In March 1858, the ministers of the four countries went to Shanghai together. Governor He Guiqing of Liangjiang asked them to return to Guangdong. The ministers of the four countries decided to assemble warships and head north to Tianjin. They arrived at Baihekou in mid-April.

In April 1858, the four ministers of Britain, France, Russia and the United States led ships outside Dagukou and notified the Qing government respectively, demanding that the plenipotentiary minister be appointed to negotiate within six days. The Russian and American note also expressed their willingness to act as a "mediator."

Emperor Xianfeng ordered the Qing army to set up defenses in Tianjin and Dagu, and sent Zhili Governor Tan Tingxiang as the imperial envoy to Dagu to negotiate, and placed his hopes on the so-called "mediation" of the Russian and American envoys.

The British and French invaders had no sincerity in negotiating, but just delayed and stepped up military preparations.

On May 20, 1858, the British and French allied forces bombarded the Dagu Fort, and the Qing troops stationed at various forts fought back and fought fiercely with the enemy. However, Tan Tingxiang and others had no fighting spirit and abandoned the guard and fled. The fort facilities were dirty and isolated and helpless, and Dagu fell. On the 26th, the British and French allied forces went up the Baihe River and invaded the outskirts of Tianjin, and threatened to attack Beijing. On June 13, the Qing government hurriedly sent the Grand Secretary Gui Liang and the Minister of Personnel Hua Shana as the imperial commissioner to Tianjin to negotiate peace. Gui Liang and others signed the Treaty of Tianjin with Russia, Britain, France and the United States respectively under the threat of British and French invaders.

In addition, the Russian and US ministers also used their "mediation" status and used cunning means to sign 12 paragraphs of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty with the Qing government on the 13th and 18th respectively, and 30 paragraphs of the Sino-US Tianjin Treaty, seizing almost the same aggression privilege as those obtained by Britain and France in addition to indemnities. Paragraph 9 of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty also specifically stipulates that the two countries send personnel to investigate "the border has not been defined before" and "required to clean up the borders into this peace treaty" so that they can resolve the situation in the future, thus laying the groundwork for Tsarist Russia to further plunder Chinese territory.

In the same year, Tsarist Russia forced Heilongjiang General Yishan to sign the Treaty of Aihui with force.

After the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin, the British and French forces withdrew from Tianjin and went south along the coast. Emperor Xianfeng was worried about the content of the treaty and ordered Gui Liang and others to negotiate the trade charter with British and French representatives in Shanghai to amend the Tianjin Treaty, abolish the terms of the minister's residence in Beijing, traveling in the mainland, and trade in Neijiang, and try to avoid the exchange of contracts between Britain and France in Beijing. In November, Gui Liang and others signed the "After-discipline Treaty of Trade Charters" with the representatives of Britain, France and the United States, respectively, which stipulated that opium trade was legalized; customs impose taxes on imports and exports at the same price of 500 yuan; foreign freight was sold to the mainland, and only 2.5% sub-tax was exempted from all mainland taxes; British people were hired to assist in customs duties. However, Britain and France could not modify the provisions of the Treaty of Tianjin and insisted on exchange of contracts in Beijing.

The British and French governments were far from satisfied with the privileges seized from the Tianjin Treaty and deliberately used the opportunity to exchange contracts to provoke war again. In June 1859, after rejecting Gui Liang's proposal to exchange contracts in Shanghai, British Minister Prous, French Minister Boulbron and American Minister Hua Ruohan each led a fleet to Dagukou, attempting to use force to deter the Qing government from exchange for ratification of the Tianjin Treaty.

The Qing government set up a defense in Dagu and ordered the governor of Zhili Hengfu to inform the British and French ministers, who designated them to land in Beitang and go to Beijing via Tianjin to exchange contracts. The entourage shall not exceed twenty people and shall not carry weapons. The British and French ministers flatly rejected the arrangements of the Qing government and insisted on using the fleet to go through the Baihe River through Dagukou.

In the Dagu area, after the British and French fleets withdrew in 1858, the Qing government ordered Prince Senggelinqin, Prince Senggelinqin, to be responsible. On June 25, British naval commander He Bu personally led 12 warships from Langjiangsha to Haikou. At 3 pm, He Bu ordered the British and French coalition forces to attack the Dagu Fort. Under the command of Senggelinqin, the Qing army bravely resisted and launched artillery counterattacked, and the battle was extremely fierce. Zhili Admiral Shi Rongchun and Dagu Association Deputy General Long Ruyuan led the way and died one after another. Due to the sufficient firepower and proper tactics of the Qing army, they sank and injured 10 enemy ships, killed and wounded nearly 500 enemy troops, and seriously injured He Bo, the commander of the British fleet, and the British and French coalition forces suffered a tragic defeat. This was also the only victory of the Qing army since the Opium War.

In August of the same year, U.S. Minister Hua Ruohan pretended to be friendly and entered Beijing from Beitang. When he returned to Beitang, he exchanged the ratification of the Tianjin Treaty with the Governor of Zhili Hengfu.

Before this, the Russian representative had exchanged an appointment in Beijing.

The news of the British and French coalition forces' defeat in Dagu spread to Europe. There was a buzz of war within the British and French ruling classes, clamoring for "exercise large-scale revenge" and "occupation of capital."

In February 1860, the British and French imperialists appointed Erkin and Grolo as plenipotentiary representatives, leading more than 15,000 British troops and about 7,000 French troops to expand the war to invade China.

In April, the British and French allied forces occupied Zhoushan. In May and June, the British invading troops occupied Dalian Bay, and the French invading troops occupied Yantai, blocking the Bohai Bay, and using this as a forward base for attacking Dagukou.

Russian Minister Ignatiev and US Minister Woohan also rushed to the Bohai Bay in July and once again cooperated with the British and French war of aggression against China under the name of "mediationist".

After the Qing government won the Battle of Dagu, it fantasized that it would be a reconciliation with British and French imperialism.

When the British and French warships were approaching the Haikou of Dagu, Emperor Xianfeng also instructed Senggelinqin that Hengfu should not "still have the intention of "fighting first and then peace" to avoid "the war is a continuation, and there is no end to the future". "The general must take the preservation of the bureau as the key", and sent Hengfu to negotiate with the British and French envoys. The commander of the front-line enemy Senggelinqin thought that the enemy was not good at land battles, so he focused on Dagu and abandoned all the defenses of Beitang to give the enemy an opportunity to take advantage of. Ignatiev provided Britain and France with untouched information on Beitang.

On August 1, 1860, 18,000 British and French troops landed from Beitang and occupied Tianjin. The British and French troops landed in Beitang and encountered no resistance. On the 14th, they captured Tanggu and jointly attacked the fortress on the north bank of Dagu. The Qing army defended Taiwan bravely fought bravely under the command of the admiral of Zhili Leshan. However, the Qing government had no determination to resist the war, so Emperor Xianfeng ordered Senggelinqin to retreat. The Qing army then fled from Dagu and retreated to Tongzhou (now Tongxian, Beijing) through Tianjin.

On August 21, 1860, Dagu fell. The invading army marched straight into the country and occupied Tianjin on the 24th. The Qing government urgently sent Gui Liang to Tianjin to negotiate peace. Britain and France proposed that in addition to accepting the Treaty of Tianjin, Tianjin should be opened as a trading port, and additional compensation should be added, and each of them would lead a thousand troops to Beijing to exchange the contract. The Qing government refused, and the negotiations broke down. The invading army invaded Beijing from Tianjin.

The Qing government sent Prince Yi Zaiyuan and Minister of War Mu Yin to replace Gui Liang, and to negotiate peace in Zhangjiawan, Nantongzhou. Due to the dispute between the two sides, the negotiations broke down again and they were sent to Britain to negotiate a ceasefire of 39 people including Baxiali and soldiers.

On September 18, 1860, the British and French invading troops captured Tongzhou. On the 21st, the Qing army and the British and French coalition forces launched a fierce battle at Baliqiao, and the commander Senggelinqin and others fled first, and the Qing army was wiped out.

On September 22, Emperor Xianfeng and others took the name of Beizhou and took the Empress, Concubine Yi and others left Beijing and fled to Rehe Summer Resort.

On October 13, the coalition forces invaded Beijing from Andingmen. The coalition forces discovered that the Qing army abused many British and French envoys until they died, so they decided to retaliate against China's barbaric behavior and teach the Chinese royal family a lesson that they should not despise Britain and France in the future.

On October 18, the British and French forces occupied Beijing and robbed and burned the Old Summer Palace. The British and French forces plundered and burned the suburbs of Beijing for nearly 50 days. The royal gardens in the suburbs of Beijing, such as the Old Summer Palace, Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden (Yuquan Mountain), Jingyi Garden (Xiangshan), Changchun Garden, etc. were all burned.

The Qing court sent Yi as a plenipotentiary minister to negotiate peace and sign the Sino-British and Sino-French Treaty. The coalition forces ransacked and burned the Old Summer Palace and Jingyi Garden. The fire in the Old Summer Palace lasted for three days and three nights, and more than 300 eunuchs and palace maids were buried in the fire. French writer Victor Hugo once strongly condemned this, calling it "the victory of the two robbers." On October 24 and 25, the British and French coalition forces threatened to burn the Forbidden City, forcing Prince Gong Yi to exchange ratification documents with Erkin and Grolo, respectively, and concluded an unequal Sino-British Beijing Treaty and the Sino-French Beijing Treaty as a supplement to the Tianjin Treaty.

After the Opium War, the Qing government was busy dealing with foreign colonists and suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution, which caused empty defense in the northern border.

Russia took advantage of the opportunity to invade and illegally occupy many strategic areas south of the Heilongjiang River Basin and Lake Balkhash, and was always looking for opportunities to fix the occupied Chinese territory in the form of a treaty. In 1856, the British and French coalition forces attacked Guangzhou and sent Ptyatine as the minister to negotiate border issues with the Qing government. In May 1858, the Russian Siberian Governor Muravyov took advantage of the British and French coalition forces to capture Dagukou and force the Heilongjiang General Yishan to sign the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aihui. According to this treaty, Russia occupied more than 600,000 square kilometers of land north of the Heilongjiang River and south of the Xing'an Mountains; at the same time, it divided the Chinese territory about 400,000 square kilometers east of the Ussuri River into joint management by the two countries.

Russian Minister to China Ignachev put forward new territorial demands under the pretext of "meeting mediation". On the 14th, the Qing government signed the Beijing Treaty with Russia, allocated 400,000 square kilometers of land east of the Ussuri River to Russia, opened Kashgar as a commercial port, and set up a consulate in Kashgar and Kulun. At the same time, Russia also imposed the direction of the western border between China and Russia proposed on China. In 1864, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the "Department of the Northwest Boundary", and seized 440,000 square kilometers of land east of Lake Balkash, becoming the biggest profiter during the Second Opium War.

Fortunately, Emperor Hua pushed down the Qing court with extraordinary courage and means, and had recovered all the lost territories. However, even so, Tsarist Russia, Britain and France are still the powerful countries that Emperor Hua currently hates the most.

Dealing with these three countries is also more conducive to domestic war mobilization.

This is also the reason why Emperor Hua beats the big man first. China is that it is weak, with a large land and a large population. With these two advantages alone, as long as it is a unified China, it is a unique power in the world!

"Don't worry, we will definitely be able to defeat Japan this time and fight Britain." Emperor Hua said firmly to Princess Katrina Kaif. "Even if I have the strength behind, I have this confidence."

"Yes, I believe in your Majesty." Princess Katrina Kaif smiled with certainty as she looked at the sharp light emitted from the cute CEO's eyes.
Chapter completed!