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A brief examination of the iron

Fiber

A kind of steel used in ancient times. It is forged with an even texture and a carbon content of 1.6%. Due to the repeated superposition and fusing of multiple smaller pieces of materials, the uniformity of the internal structure of the steel can be comparable to that of modern high-quality steel. This is difficult to do, because modern times have machine forging hammers, rolling mills, and steelmaking process monitoring throughout. In ancient times, people could only feel the quality of steel through their eyes and hands.

The iron is also known as Indian steel, and is the first steel with a world reputation. In West Asia, Indian steel is called Uz Steel. It was first learned by Europeans in the 3rd century, during the war between Rome and Sassanthemum. Later, Europeans called Indian steel Damascus steel because Damascus was a famous knife-making city in West Asia. The knives made excellent forging, exquisite decoration, and were exported to Europe in large quantities. In China, this steel is called "iron iron". Its appearance is not very bright and has natural, complex and beautiful patterns visible to the eyes.

As a high-quality steel product, 'Yin' occupies an important position in the history of Chinese and Western technical culture. 'Yin' earliest document was recorded in the "Bukong Lu Suo Mantra" of the Sui Dynasty, and was found in the earliest historical books in the "Zhou" of the early Tang Dynasty. Huilin's "Every Sutra" of the Tang Dynasty has the earliest meaning of the meaning of "Yin Tie". In addition to the direct transliteration of foreign languages, the word "Yin Tie" can also be interpreted as iron from the qibin. 'Yin Tie' frequently appears in various

Among ancient documents, the most common products appear. The historical records of "Liao iron as the name" should be fabricated by the Jin people; the Yuan Dynasty's "Iron Bureau" was just a borrower of the name "Iron" and is only an institution for the management of the blacksmiths from Central and West Asia; the records of "Iron and Iron Stone" in Hami may be meteorites or crucible steel; the iron pit in Taiyuan Prefecture should be an iron smelting site; the iron made of iron is very wide.

, not only weapons and tools, but also various objects made with their exquisite appearance. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Golden and Water General Pipeline" "Iron Knife" was the earliest record of a patterned iron knife. In a large number of ancient Chinese poems, chapters with metaphor for iron are mostly discussed as sharp and surface patterns. Damascus steel is to some extent synonymous with surface patterns, and is characterized by natural patterns, which is more like

It is obtained from Brat Steel in Central Asia, while Damascus steel obtained from Uz Steel in South Asia is rare. "Platinum iron" is not synonymous with "Damascus steel" and is closer to the crucible steel series. Whether from the perspective of cultural relics and archaeology or documentary materials, China's Central Plains has always lacked reliable evidence for the production of pyrogenic iron. New advances in metallurgical archaeology in Xinjiang should provide more valuable evidence for exploring the origin and spread of pyrogenic iron.

Since the opening of the Western Regions of Han and Wu, Damascus steel weapons represented by northern India were seen in the Central Primitive, and they were called "博博博博博" - "博博博博博" - The vocabulary "博博博博博" - The vocabulary "博博博博博" was first published in the ancient Chinese historical documents. It was found in the "Book of Wei? Biography of the Western Regions" about the "Persian Kingdom": "The Persian Kingdom, capital of Suli City, was in the Mixi, and the ancient Tiaozhi Kingdom was 24,228 miles away. The city was ten miles in a square area, with more than 100,000 households, and the river flowed south through the city. The land was flat and gold, silver, stone, coral, amber, cart, horse brain, how big pearls, Polypi, luli, water essence, seser, diamond, fire, iron, copper, tin, cinnabar, mercury, silk, brocade, radish, shaman, radish, radish, radish, radish, radish, radish, etc.."

However, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the name "六州" had a new meaning: the Khitan annexed Gaochang - Gaochang is located in the Western Regions and is not surprising that Damascus steel in the true sense, that is, 六州. "六州" originally means 六州, which means 六州. Because the Khitan is far from the Yang Dynasty, some foreign ethnic groups still call China "六州". The Khitan belonged to the Donghu clan and was a branch of the Xianbei clan. It was separated from the Xianbei clan in the 4th century and was nomadic in Huangshui (now the Xiramulun River in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). The Tuhe (now the Laoha River in Chifeng City, Chifeng City). In the early 6th century, the Khitans were still in the tribal stage, and tribes formed in the early Tang Dynasty.

The alliance was once surrendered to the Turkic Khanate in the northern part of the desert. In the second year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (628), the Khitan tribal alliance betrayed the Turks and surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. There were tributes, officials and trade, as well as wars and looting. In 907, the Khitan established a regime and became a powerful force in northern China. In 916, the Khitan tribe led Nalu Abaoji to establish the Khitan Kingdom. In 947, Taizong Yelu Deguang changed the country's name to Liao, and Liao became a unified regime in northern China. The Khitan Kingdom was strong, and its territory was from the sea in the east to the quicksand in the west, crossed the Great Wall in the south, and the desert in the north. In 1125, the Liao was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, and then the Khitan was gradually merged.

However, later the name "博博博" was gradually applied to all iron produced in the Liao Kingdom. According to the "Records of the Jin Taizu", "Liao used 博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博�

The "introduction" of the "Iron and Steel Bureau" may be recorded in "Yuan History? Election Record III". The smelting technology of the Liao Kingdom at that time was still in a pit smelting method, which was relatively primitive and the temperature could not be too high; and the main iron ore production area of ​​Liao was in the present Anshan area, and the iron ore grade was not too high. Therefore, the "Iron and Steel" produced in Liao can only be regarded as surface annealed steel or some kind of low carbon steel, and cannot be compared with real high-carbon steel such as Damascus steel.

Mr. Yang Kuan's "History of Ancient Iron Smelting Technology in China" once pointed out that "the Persian Sassanite 'firm' was a high-quality steel made of sealed and heated using cooked iron and quantitative carburizing agents and catalysts. This kind of firmished iron product was introduced to our country during the Northern Wei Dynasty." The book "The Golden Peach of Samarkand" written by American scholar Schaeffer also mentioned "firmished iron" and "Indian steel": "In the Middle Ages, the Chinese already knew about 'Damascus steel', but we cannot yet determine whether this steel was imported into the Tang Dynasty. According to records in the 6th century, it was said that this steel was produced in Persia. However, in the 7th century, it was said that it was a product of 阿率. It is believed that this metal was 'ripe and cut gold yu'.

The high-carbon "Indian steel" produced in India in the century also had the same corrugated stripes as Damascus steel. In China, this metal is called "Carabine iron". The word "Carabine" is likely from an Iranian dialect similar to "piza" in Indian Parak. If the Tang Dynasty got the Damascus knife, it might be mediated by Indian or Indianized nations." It should be noted that according to Mr. Schaeffer's opinion, the Chinese only knew about "Carabine iron" or "Indian steel" in the Middle Ages, and whether the Tang Dynasty was introduced is still needed. Mr. Yang Kuan believed that it was introduced during the Northern Wei Dynasty. Even so, it was five or six hundred years since the time of Emperor Wu of Han.

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